TAXONOMY & SYSTEMATICS
Echium Linné
Echium L., Sp. Pl.: 139. 1753.
Natternköpfe - Raublattgewächse (Boraginaceae)
Synonyme.
Isoplesion Raf.
Larephes Raf.
Megacaryon Bois.
Die Bearbeitung über Jahrhunderte hinweg führte zu unterschiedlichen Resultaten (Santos, Guerra, Arnoldo. Kunkel, G., Romeiras, M. M. et al., Sventenius, E. R. , Webb, P. B. & Berthelot, S. ). Wegweisende Forschungs- und Feldarbeit leistetee der englische Forscher Bramwell, D.
Vorkommen:
Islands of Macaronesia. Canary Islands, Madeira, Azoren, Cap Verde Islands. 27 Arten. Endemisch. Einige sind extrem gefährdet. Invasive Arten und Hybriden sind weltweit bekannt.
David Bramwell. Januar 2013. Photo: Cabildo de Gran Canaria.
Ein-, zwei- oder mehrjährige borstige Kräuter oder Sträucher. Blütenstand thirsoid, mit lateralen helicoidalen Zymen, die sich in Früchten oft stark vergrößern. Blütenkelch 5-lappig in der Regel accrescent. Blütenkrone breit bis eng trichterförmig.
Annual, binnial or perennial hispid herbs or shrubs, with an indumentum of tubercle-based setae and often an underlayer of short, stiff, appresed or patent hairs. Inflorescence thirsoid, with lateral helicoid cymes often much enlarging in fruit. Calyx 5-lobed usulally acrescent. Corolla broadly to narrowly infundibuliform, with a tapering tube and usually oblique, open troath, usulaly more or less hairy outside. Corolla-tube with an annulus of 5-10 distinct scales or lobes or an undulate, entire, somewhat fleshy, collar-like, membrane at the base. Stamens 5, often unequal, included or variously exserted from the corolla. Style exserted; stigma bifid or occasionally capitate. Nutlets 4, more or less triquetros at the base, usually rugose.
Sektion Echium
Annual, to biennial herbs with of without a basal rosette of leaves. Corolla deep blue. At least 3 stamens included within corolla-tube.
Ein- bis zweijährige Kräuter mit oder ohne Basisrosette aus Blättern. Krone tiefblau. Mindestens 3 Staubblätter in der Kronröhre enthalten.
Echium bonnetii
Echium pitardii
Sektion Gigantea (Christ ex Sprague & Hutchinson) Bramwell
Branched shrubs. Inflorescence conical to convex. Corolla white to pale pink, laterally compressed, the dorsal lobe extending to others.
Verzweigte Sträucher. Blütenstand konisch bis konvex. Krone weiß bis blassrosa, seitlich zusammengedrückt, der Rückenlappen erstreckt sich zu anderen.
Echium brevirame
Echium giganteum
Echium leucophaeum
Echium triste
Echium triste ssp. nivariense
Echium vulcanorum
Sektion Simplicia (Christ ex Sprague & Hutchinson) Bramwell
Unbranched monocarpic shrubs with a dense inflorescence.
Unverzweigte monokarpe Sträucher mit dichtem Blütenstand.
Echium pininana
Echium simplex
Echium wildpretii
Echium wildpretii ssp. trichosiphon
Sektion Virescentia (Christ ex Sprague & Hutchinson) Bramwell
Branched shrubs. Inflorescence cylindrical, corolla pink or blue, not laterally compressed, the lobe more or less equal.
Verzweigte Sträucher. Blütenstand zylindrisch, Krone rosa oder blau, nicht seitlich zusammengedrückt, Lappen mehr oder weniger gleich.
Echium bethencourtii
Echium callithrysum
Echium candicans
Echium handiense
Echium hierrense
Echium nervosum
Echium onosmifolium
Echium sventenii
Echium virescens
Echium webbii
Sektion Stricta (Christ ex Sprague & Hutchinson) Bramwell
Small, branched shrubs. Inflorescence lax with long internodes. Corolla more or less regularly lobed.
Kleine, verzweigte Sträucher. Blütenstand locker mit langen Internodien. Krone mehr oder weniger regelmäßig gelappt.
Echium stenosiphon
Echium stenosiphon ssp. lindbergii
Echium strictum
Echium strictum ssp. gomerae
Sektion Auberiana Bramwell
Herbae perenne; Caudex lignosus. Inflorescentiae laxae. Corolla caerulea; lobii subequales. Stamina subexserta.
Mehrjährige, verholzende Kräuter. Blütenstand lose. Blütenkrone blau.
Sektion Decaisnea Bramwell
Frutices ramosissimi. Inflorescentia confertae, breviter conicae. Corolla lactea vel caesia; lobii aequales.
Verzweigte Sträucher. Blütenstand gedrängt, kurz, kegelförmig.
Echium decaisnei
Echium famarae
Echium hypertropicum
Sektion Gentianoidea Bramwell
Fructices parvi. Inflorescentia laxae. Calycis tubus lobii circiter aequans. Stamina non vel leviter exserta.
Kleine Sträucher, Blütenstand lose,
Schlüssel der Arten der Gattung Echium der Kanarischen Inseln und Makanoresien. Bramwell. 1972. 50-62.
| 1a | Annual to perrential herbs | 2 |
| 1b | Branched or unbranched shrubs | 6 |
| 2a | Corolla pale pink, leaves linear | E. triste |
| 2b | Corolla blue, leaves lanceote to ovate | 3 |
| 3a | Indumentum of long, yellow setae, perennnial herb, with woody stock | E. auberianum |
| 3b | Indumentum of shortt, stiff, whitish setae, annual to biennual herbs | 4 |
| 4a | Corolla 22-30 mm, , cauline leaves and bracts sessile | E. plantagineum |
| 4b | Corolla 9-20 mm, cauline leaves peticulate | 5 |
| 5a | Leaves ovate. Very densely hairy, annulus of 5 distinct lobes | E. pitardii |
| 5b | Leaves lanceolate, hispid, annulus an entire ring | E. bonnetii |
| 6a | Unbranched monocarpic shubs with dense leaf-rosette | 7 |
| 6b | Branched shrubs | 9 |
| 7a | Leaves linear- lanceolate, corolla red (turning blue on drying) | E.wildpretii |
| 7b | Leaves broadly lanceolatae, corolla blue or white | 8 |
| 8a | Corolla white, leaf-rosettes more or less sesile (Tenerife) | E. simplex |
| 8b | Corolla pale blue, leaf-rosette with woody stemp up 20 cm (La Palma) | E. pininana |
| 9a | Calyx lobes (plus/minus equaling tube, indumentum of upper leaf-surface of flat discs, lower surface ± glabrous (La Palma) | E. gentianoides |
| 9b | Calyx segmented almost to base, indumentum of setae or hairs, more or less similair on bothe surfaces | 10 |
| 10a | Corolla laterally compressed, white, lobes markedly unequal | 11 |
| 10b | Corolla not laterally compressed, usually pink or blue (if white then with pronounced blue stripes, lons ± equal | 15 |
| 11a | Leves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, the margins and lower midrib densely spiny, style scarcely bifid at tip (up to 1 mm) | 12 |
| 11b | Leaves lanceolate, margins with a few or no spines, style distinctly bifid (1,5 mm or more) | 13 |
| 12a | Calyx segments as long as coralla tube | E. aculeatum |
| 12b | Calyx segments up to half as long as corolla tube | E. brevirame |
| 13a | Leaves densely white-sericeus with long, pustelar-based setae, corolla lobes only slightly unequal (Cap Verde Islands) | E. vulcanorum |
| 13b | Leaves greyish-green, with indumentum of short, simple hairs with a few pustular-based setae, dorsal corolla longer lobe as laterals (Canary Islands) | 14 |
| 14a | Inflorescence conical, without basal branches, leaves 1,5-3,5 cm wide | E. giganteum |
| 14b | Inflorescence a flattish dome usually with several basal branches, leaves less than 1,5 cm wide | E. leucophaeum |
| 15a | Inflorescence lax, with a few lateral cymes and long internodes, leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate | 16 |
| 15b | Inflorescence dense, with many lateral cymes and very short internodes, leaves linear to lanceolate | 17 |
| 16a | Corolla 5-6 mm, leaves scabrous to hispid, with stiff, small setae (Canary Islands) | E. strictum |
| 16b | Corolla 12-18 mm, leaves very rough with stiff, very large setae (Cape Verde Islands) | E. stenosiphon |
| 17a | Inflorescence conical, very broad at base, corolla with blues tripes or pinkish | 18 |
| 17b | Inflorescenc cylindrical, scarcely broading aat base, corolla pink, blue or pink with blue stripes | 19 |
| 18a | Leaves broadly lanceolate, calyx densely hispid,hypertropicum corolla pinkish (Cape Verde Islands) | E. hypertropicum |
| 18b | Leaves narrowly lanceolate, calyx subglabrous, ocasnoially with a few setae, corolla white with blue stripes (Canary Islands) | E. decaisnei |
| 19a | Upper leaf-surface with indumentum of dense, large setae, lower surface usually with simple hairs | 20 |
| 19b | Leaf indumentum plus/minus similar on both surfaces, usually simple, silky hairs or small setae | 21 |
| 20a | Upper leaf-surface with indumentum of dense, large setae, lower surface usually with simple hairs | E. onosmifolium |
| 20b | Leaf-margfins revolute, corolla very pale pink-withish (very rarely blue) 20. osnomifolium | E. callithyrsum |
| 21a | Hairs on veins of lower leaf-surface 1,5-2 mmlong, rosette leaves apruptly tapering to long acuminate apex (Madeira) | E. candicans |
| 21b | Hairs on veins of lower leaf-surface less than1,3 mm (usually less than 1 mm) long, leaves evenly tapering to acute apex | 22 |
| 22a | Calyx-segments rounded at apex, corolla blue with white stripes annulus distinctly 10-lobed (Madeira) | E. nervosum |
| 22b | Calyx-segments acute or obtuse, corolla pinkish orblue, never with white stripes, annulus aplus/minus entire fleshing ring | 23 |
| 23a | Leaves broadly lanceolate to elliptical, corolla deep blue (Fuerteventura) | E. handiense |
| 23b | Leaves linear to lanceolate, corolla pink or blue | 24 |
| 24a | Leaves linear, corolla pale pink appearing 4-lobed (2 lventral lobes plus/minus limited) (Tenerife) | E. sventenii |
| 24b | Leaves lanceolate, corolla pink or blue 5-lobed | 25 |
| 25a | Nutles very ornate, with long (2-3 mm) projections, leaves up to 30 cm long, 5-10 mm wide (Gomera) | E. acanthocarpum |
| 25b | Nutlets pappilate or shortly echinulate, leaves up to 15 (-20) cm long. Less than 2,5 cm wide | 26 |
| 26a | Calyc segments lanceolate, longest leaves 5-8 cm long, thyrse 10 (-15) cm long, (Hierro) | E. hierrense |
| 26b | Calyx segements linear to linear-lanceolate, longest leaves more than 8 cm long, thyrse 10-30 cm long | 27 |
| 27a | Lateral cymes bifid, corolla pink to pale blue (Tenerife) | E. virescens |
| 27b | Lateral cymes simple, corolla blue (La Palma) | E. webbii |
Alphabetische Auflistung der Arten:
Echium auberianum
Echium bethencourtii
Echium bonnetii
Echium brevirame
Echium callithrysum
Echium candicans
Echium decaisnei
Echium famarae
Echium gentianoides
Echium giganteum
Echium handiense
Echium hierrense
Echium hypertropicum
Echium leucophaeum
Echium nervosum
Echium onosmifolium
Echium pininana
Echium pitardii
Echium simplex
Echium stenosiphon
Echium stenosiphon ssp. lindbergii
Echium strictum
Echium strictum ssp. gomerae
Echium sventenii
Echium triste
Echium triste ssp. nivariense
Echium virescens
Echium vulcanorum
Echium webbii
Echium wildpretii
Echium wildpretii ssp. trichosiphon
Literatur
Bramwell, D. (1972). A Revision of the Genus Echium in Macaronesia. Lagascalia 2 (1): 37-115.
Bramwell, D. & Bramwell, Z. (1974): Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands. Thornes, Ltd. Leckhampton. pp. 261.
Bramwell, D. & Bramwell, Z. (1944): Flores Silvestres de las Islas Canarias. Rueda, Madrid. pp. 376.
Brochmann, C. et al. (1997). The endemich vascular plants of the Cape Verde islands, W Africa. Sommerfeltia. 24. 145-153.
Chevalier, A. (1935): Les Iles du Cap Verte, flore de l`archipel. Rev. Bot. Appl. 15: 733-1090. (1-357).
Hansen , A. & Sünding, P. (1985): Flora of Macaronesia . Checklist of Vascular Plans. pp. 167.
Kunkel, G. (1987): Die Kanarischen Inseln und ihre Pflanzenwelt. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York. pp. 202.
Linné, C. Fil. (1781): Suppl. Plant. Syst. Veg. ed. XII, VI, Spec. Plant. ed. II. Brunsvigiae.
Muer, T. et al. (2016): Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen der Kanarischen Inseln. Printing & Binting, TZ Verlang und Print GmbH, Roßdorf. pp. 1310.
Santos, Guerra, Arnoldo. (1983): Vegetacion y Flora de La Palma, Santa Cruz, de Tenerife. Interinsular Canaria.
Romeiras, M. M. et al. (2011): Origin and diversification of the Genus Echium (Boraginaceae) in the Cap Verde archipelago. Taxon. 60. 5. 1375-1385.
Sventenius, E. R. (1960): Additamentum ad Floran Canariensum 1. Madrid.
Sventenius, E. R. (1968): Macaronesienses nova vel minus cognitae. 1. Santa Cruz de Teneriffa.
Webb, P. B. (1849): Spicilegia Gorgonea. Niger Flora, London.
Webb, P. B. & Berthelot, S. (1836-1850: Histoire naturelle des Iles Canarias. Tome 3: 1 Geographie botanique (S. Berthelot). Tome 3: Phytographia canarienses sects. 1, 2 & 3. Paris.